Particle sizing techniques have advanced significantly throughout the past several decades. One of the most important contributions to this field is the application of laser-based technologies, complemented with the use of modern photo-detectors and digital computers. For some time, progress in laser light scattering technology has led to faster analyses, but the quality of the measurement was limited, often due to inadequacies in the detector.

Recognizing this need for better detection capability, Micromeritics developed the Saturn DigiSizer, an instrument that employed a laser diode and modern charge-coupled device (CCD) detector to significantly improve the sensitivity, resolution, reproducibility, and repeatability of the laser light scattering particle sizing technique.

With the Saturn DigiSizer II, Micromeritics has again improved this particle size technique. Utilizing a state-of-the-art CCD detector containing over three million detector elements, Mie theory, and unique design and data reduction features, the Saturn DigiSizer II gives users an extremely high level of resolution and sensitivity not available in other laser particle sizing systems. The level of detail, accuracy, and resolution enables the extraction of all available information from the static light scattering pattern. Users can now measure the same material on multiple instruments located at different locations around the world and get the same, highly detailed size distribution measurement on each instrument. The Saturn DigiSizer II is fully automated and requires little operator intervention.

Advantages

Applications

Ceramics

Particle Size information helps to determine curing and bonding procedures, control pore structure, ensure adequate green body strength, and produce a final product of desired strength, texture, appearance, and density.

Paints and Coatings

The particle size distribution of the pigment or filler influences the porosity, gloss, texture, color, color saturation, brightness, solids content, and film adhesion properties. The resulting porosity can control application properties such as fluidity, drying or setting time, and film thickness.

Cosmetics

The appearance, application, and packaging of cosmetics are influenced by the particle size distribution of the base powders, such as talc, and the pigments used in coloring.

Abrasives

Performance of abrasives, either in powder form or after being attached to a backing, is dictated by the size distribution of the abrasive powder. Over-sized particles lead to scratching and gouging. Undersized particles may lead to clogging of the abrasive papers.

Catalysts

Flow properties of fluid-cracking catalysts depend upon the particle size distribution of the particles. Surface area and pore structure of acid catalysts and catalyst supports result from the particle size distribution of the particles that are used to produce them

Mining

Refining efficiency of materials is related strongly to the particle size distribution of the raw mineral. For products that are used without chemical change, the size of particles taken from the mine may be too large for final usage. Analyses performed on the extracted minerals will help determine the amount of size reduction needed once the product reaches the processing plant.

Saturn II DigiSizer Configurations

The Saturn DigiSizer II System

Includes many options that allow you to tailor your instrument according to your specific needs. Multiple sample dispersion system options, an automatic autosampler, and a device for removing dissolved gases from the suspension liquid are available and contribute to the versatility of the system. These options are all designed and manufactured with the same care and attention to detail that produced the Saturn DigiSizer.

Liquid Sample Handling Units

The Saturn DigiSizer II’s sample handling unit ensures that every sample will be correctly dispersed. Micromeritics’ patented, state-of-the-art liquid sample handling units (LSHU) work with the instrument software to assure that sample suspension is of the proper concentration. A continuous flow through the reservoir provides a mixing action sufficient to keep all sample material suspended and prevents the settling of particles.

The LSHU has several automated features such as a built-in ultrasonic probe, automatic liquid level control, particle concentration detection, and a sample circulation system that continuously maintains dispersion. Auto-dispersion and auto-dilution features monitor the sample’s concentration and add liquid as needed until optimum concentration is obtained.

To reduce the possibility of sample carryover between analyses, the LSHU has a patented reservoir rinse design. While other designs simply fill and empty the reservoir to rinse, the Saturn DigiSizer’s LSHU has a feature that sprays the reservoir walls as the fluid level recedes. This removes residue that otherwise might cling to the surface.

Standard Liquid Sample Handling Unit

The standard unit includes a reservoir that is adjustable between 590 to 690 mL of dispersed sample with a circulation pump rate of 5 – 19 L per minute. It can circulate particles from 0.04 to 2500 µm. The high flow rate better supports particles that have an inherently higher settling velocity. In addition, the higher system clearance helps to avoid attrition of the particles during circulation.

Applications:

• Coarse particles
• High-density particles
• Quantity of sample, liquid supply and/or waste disposal is not a problem

Low-Volume Liquid Sample Handling Unit

The low-volume unit includes a reservoir that is adjustable between 100 to 120 mL of dispersed sample with a circulation pump rate of 2 – 12 L per minute. It can circulate particles from 0.04 to 750 µm in diameter. The low-volume liquid sample handling unit reduces cost by using smaller amounts of sample, and reduces the expense of waste disposal.

Applications:

• Sample quantity is limited
• Supply of dispersion liquid is limited and/or expensive
• Dispersion liquid may be hazardous to use and/or make disposal difficult

Particle Size Sample Preparation Accessories:

MasterTech Autosampler

The MasterTech Autosampler provides assurance that all samples are prepared and analyzed exactly the same way. The MasterTech is designed to increase throughput, repeatability, and reproducibility while reducing operator involvement. Up to 18 samples can be queued to run sequentially and completely unattended, including automatic stirring or sonication prior to transfer to the analysis system. The Saturn DigiSizer II’s operating software controls the MasterTech, and information about dispersion is stored in the sample file for future reference.

The MasterTech features a powerful ultrasonic probe for sample dispersion. Power to the probe tip is adjustable and the driving circuit is self-tuning for maintaining efficient and consistent sonic energy levels. A front-panel digital readout lets you know when the desired power is reached, and that same power is applied each time the method is repeated.

The AquaPrep can prepare 10 liters of water in less than 2 hours (at standard temperature and pressure) and ensures that you obtain the most accurate representation possible of the particle size distribution in your sample.

Superior Data Reduction and Reporting

The Saturn DigiSizer II’s powerful, easy-to-use and versatile user interface provides all the convenient features you expect from a Windows-based program such as point-and-click menus, multitasking capability, copy to clipboard, and more. The familiar Windows format reduces the time required for training and eliminates the need for most off-line data manipulation, resulting in increased productivity. The analysis program is designed to operate in the Windows environment and includes wizards and intuitive screens enabling you to perform system operations quickly and efficiently.

In addition, Micromeritics’ confirm 21 CFR Part 11 software assists with compliance to FDA regulations. Combined with Micromeritics’ IQ and OQ services, the user can be assured that the Saturn DigiSizer II system is validated for accuracy, reliability, consistent performance, and provides safeguards to protect the integrity of analysis records. System access is limited to authorized individuals. Secure, computer-generated, time-stamped audit trails are integral parts of the software program.

Wide Range of Data Presentation Options With many instruments that employ the static light scattering technique, a final report of reduced data typically is the only output available. The Saturn DigiSizer II, however, allows you to access the raw data. For instance, an image of the scattering pattern (2-D and 3-D representations) can be displayed, or you can receive a 592-point intensity versus angle data report in tabular or graphical form. To allow a quick assessment of the fit of theoretical models to experimental data, you also can obtain an overlay plot of measured data calculated from Mie theory.

Reduction of Raw Data Based on Mie Theory Ensures Exceptional Data Quality

Micromeritics employs the Mie theory (or the operator can choose to use Fraunhofer for particles that are both large and opaque) to reduce experimental data using a well-published, non-negative least squares method. These theories describe light scattering via theoretical models. No modifications to the theory are made with the Saturn DigiSizer II, and no assumptions of modality or distribution type are used. This is made possible by the remarkably high resolution of the optical system allowing very narrow size classes to be used in fitting the data to Mie theory.

The application of Mie theory provides unambiguous size data. In addition to reporting the data, the Saturn DigiSizer II can generate a plot that shows how well experimental measurements compare with theoretical Mie calculations for the scattering pattern from the reported distribution.

Revolutionary Approach to Particle Sizing

CCDs were originally developed and used for high-sensitivity and high-resolution requirements of imaging for astronomy. The Saturn DigiSizer II captures the scattering pattern using a patented optical design that employs a CCD as the light detector. A high-definition digital representation of the scattering pattern, which contains all of the information required to determine the particle size distribution, is captured.

Micromeritics’ application of the CCD array eliminates the need for mechanical fine-tuning of optical alignment. The instrument is automatically aligned by re-mapping the CCD array so that the scattering angle assigned to each element is exact to less than 0.005 degree relative to the central, unscattered light beam. The Saturn DigiSizer II’s CCD array has more than three million detector elements. The resulting extremely high resolution makes it possible to detect subtle differences in the scattering patterns and, therefore, subtle differences in particle size distributions. These minute differences in sample particle size may indicate a manufacturing variance, corroborate or refute theoretical studies, or help explain natural processes. Higher resolution means greater knowledge about differences between samples.

Advanced design features enable the Saturn DigiSizer to measure a light scattering pattern over a broad range of scattering angles with a dynamic intensity range from 1 to 1×1010. Combined with the high angular resolution of the CCD, the detector system provides an effective resolution of several million pixels at different positions in the scattering pattern, each detecting minute variations in light intensity. The Saturn DigiSizer’s high resolution enables the instrument to detect extremely small variations in the scattering pattern that are not detected by lower resolution instruments. It is this high level of accuracy that allows the Saturn DigiSizer to provide more detailed and precise particle size information than laser diffraction particle sizing systems of conventional design

The AccuPyc II 1345 Series Pycnometers are fast, fully automatic pycnometers that provide high-speed, high-precision volume measurements and true density calculations on a wide variety of powders, solids, and slurries. After analyses are started with a few keystrokes, data are collected, calculations are performed, and results displayed. A minimal amount of operator attention is required.

Principle of Operation

This technique uses the gas displacement method to measure volume accurately. Inert gases, such as helium or nitrogen, are used as the displacement medium. The sample is sealed in the instrument compartment of known volume,the appropriate inert gas is admitted, and then expanded into another precision internal volume.

Total Density

On an elementary level, the volume of a solid material can be calculated by measuring its length, width, and thickness. However, many materials have within their structure surface irregularities, small fractures, fissures, and pores.

The GeoPyc automatically determines the volume and density of a solid object by displacement of Dry Flo, a solid medium. The medium is a narrow distribution of small, rigid spheres that have a high degree of flow ability and achieve close packing around the object under investigation. The particles are sufficiently small that during consolidation they conform closely to the surface of the object, yet do not invade pore space.

Repeatability and reproducibility are achieved by a controlled method of compaction. The sample cell in which the dry medium is placed is a precision cylinder. A plunger compresses the powder as the cell vibrates; the force of compression is selectable and, therefore repeatable from test to test. A preliminary compaction with only the displacement medium in the cell establishes a zero-volume baseline.

Reporting Functions

The GeoPyc has multiple operational modes that are accessed through the instruments smart touch screen. Operating modes including full blank, computed blank, and reference solid calibration with variance, which allows you to optimize speed and accuracy for your specific application.

Total

On an elementary level, the volume of a solid material can be calculated by measuring its length, width, and thickness. However, many materials have within their structure surface irregularities, small fractures, fissures, and pores.

Some of these voids or pores are open to the surface or closed within the structure of the solid material. Therefore, differences in the material volume depend on the measurement technique, measurement method, and the conditions under which the measurements were performed.

Operational Features

The GeoPyc is operated from an intelligent touch screen. Data acquisition and reporting are fully automated for convenient incorporation in LIMS or other data concentrating systems.

T.A.P Density Option

The GeoPyc T.A.P. density option obtains precise results comparable to conventional tap density analyzers, only it does it faster, quieter, and with a higher degree of reproducibility.

When equipped with the T.A.P. Density option, the GeoPyc measures the packing volume and calculates the bulk density of granular and powdered samples, including pharmaceutical and electrochemical materials, under a wide range of compaction conditions.

GeoPyc Envelope Density Analyzer

AccuPyc/GeoPyc Porosity Bundle Bundle

What is Air-permeability Particle Sizing?

The air-permeability technique is well established for measurement of the Specific Surface Area (SSA) of a sample powder. The SSA measured by this technique has been found to be a useful parameter in various industries such as pharmaceutical, metal coatings, paints, and even geological samples.

The MIC SAS II utilizes dual pressure transducers to measure pressure drop across a packed bed of powder. By varying the sample height and porosity while controlling the flow rate of air through the sample, the SSA and average particle size can be determined using the Kozeny-Carman equation.

Features and Benefits

Direct Comparison of SAS and FSSS

SentinelPro Unique Design Benefits

Shape Model Descriptions

Circle Models :

• Equivalent circular area diameter
• Equivalent circular perimeter diameter
• Bounding circle diameter
• Mean radius diameter
• Circularity
• Smoothness
• Compactness

Rectangle Models:

• Bounding rectangle length, width
• Bounding rectangle aspect ratio
• Rectangularity

Fiber Models:

• Fiber length, width
• Fiber aspect ratio
• Fiber curl

Ellipse Models:

• Equivalent elliptical area, width, length
• Bounding ellipse width, length
• Elliptical aspect ratio
• Ellipticity

Polygon Models:

• Polygon order
• Interior angle
• Convexity

Irregular Models:

• Feret length, width
• Feret aspect ratio
• Surface uniformity

Two Models Available

SentinelPro Features:

SentinelPro Instrument Features

SentinelPro Software Features

Highly Accurate Zeta Potential Measurements of Concentrated Solutions

Patented FST technology utilizes a transparent electrode to minimize path length and reduce multiple scattering effects. This technology permits accurate zeta potential measurement in a wide concentration range of 0.00001 to 40% (w/v) unique to the ELSZ-2000, eliminating the need to dilute samples.

True Determination of Electrophoretic Mobility

The ELSZ-2000 negates the effects of electroosmosis by measuring zeta potential at five different locations within the cell. As a result, the instrument can calculate and accurately measure true electrophoretic mobility, resulting in a highly accurate determination of zeta potential. This also provides the ability to determine multi-modal distributions of zeta potential mixtures.

Broad Particle Sizing Range with Increased Sensitivity

The ELSZ-2000 has a dynamic sizing range of 0.1 nm to 12.30 µm in a concentration range of up to 40% w/v, and a sensitivity for molecular weight to as low as 250 Da. Dual correlators, log-scale for larger particles prone to time decay and linear scale for small particles, provide high sensitivity measurements in multicomponent samples.

Wide Range of Measuring Cells

The ELSZ-2000 features a wide range of measuring cells available for both zeta and nano particle size measurements. Included is a unique solid sample cell for zeta potential measurement of coated surfaces, films or treated glass slides.

ELSZ-2000 Sample Cells

The ELSZ-2000 has an array of compatible sample cells for both zeta potential and nano particle size measurements. Each sample cell provides additional measurement capabilities of samples in liquid suspensions

Concept of FST Method

FST – Electrophoretic mobility measurement of concentrated suspension using orward cattering through ransparent electrode. By conventional methods, scattered light from a concentrated suspension cannot be measured correctly due to multiple scattering (A). The FST method detects the scattered light from particles through a transparent electrode. The optical path length is minimized to reduce the effects of multiple scattering. Thus, the ELSZ-2000 can perform a zeta potential measurement of a concentrated suspension with a high degree of accuracy (B).

Determination of True Electrophoretic Mobility

When the measurement of electrophoresis is actually taken, an electroosmotic current is generated in the cell due to an electric charge on the cell wall. With a negatively charged cell wall, the electroosmotic flow phenomenon causes the positively charged ions and particles to gather together by the cell walls. The solution located by the cell walls migrates toward the negative electrode during electrophoresis. The solution located in the cell center moves in the opposite direction (toward the positive electrode) to compensate for the flow by the cell walls.

Therefore, an electroosmotic flow is created during electrophoresis. The ELSZ-2000 is designed to measure electrophoretic mobility at several points in the cell to obtain a position (i.e. static) not influenced by electroosmotic flow. As a result, the instrument can calculate and accurately measure electrophoretic mobility, even if the electroosmotic profile of the system is asymmetrical due to adsorption or sedimentation of the sample.

Evaluation of the Surface charge of Solid Sample by Zeta Potential

Novel method to measure the zeta potential of solid surfaces using probong particles.

• Surface charge of the solid sample can be evaluated. Determination of electrostatic interactions between particles and flat surfaces
• Easy to use. Large sample size, min: 14 x33mm, Max: 16 x37mm up to 5mm thickness.
• Solid surface modifications analysis, addictive effect studies and particle adhesion. Zeta potential vs. Ph/additives volume also available
• Wide sample application. Soft sample like fibres can also be measured.

Molecular Weight Determination of Macromolecules with ELSZ-2000:

There are two modes of MW determination of  macromolecules provided by the ELSZ200. The first method is by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) size information with the use of Mark Houwink Sakurada equation and the second method is by using Static Light Scattering techniques (SLS)

The first method uses the diffusion constant obtained from the DLS analysis and by providing two empirical constants associated with the macromolecules–solution under analysis; the molecular weight can be calculated from the Mark Houwink Sakurada equation.

The second method is using Static Light Scattering information in the determination of the Molecular weight of any macromolecules in solution. The scattering intensity is a function of the molecular weight and the concentration of the macromolecule solution as described by Rayleigh equation.

The Scattering intensity of a series of macromolecules solution with known concentrations is being measured. Using a Debye plot, Molecular weight can be calculated by a linear extrapolation line from the Debye Plot.

AutoPore V – Features

Optional Advantages:

• Ability to measure pore diameters from 0.003 to 1100 µm*
• Controlled pressure can increase in increments as fine as 0.05 psi from 0.2 to 50 psia. This allows detailed data to be collected in the macropore region
• High-resolution (sub-microliter) measurement of intrusion/extrusion volumes produces extraordinary precision allowing the Development of tighter sample specifications, improved production processes, and high-quality research data
• Operates in scanning and time- or rate-of-intrusion equilibrated modes
• Real-time diagnostics provide knowledge of an issue before it becomes critical or impairs your analytical results
• Collects extremely high-resolution data; better than 0.1 µL for mercury intrusion and extrusion volume
• Improved linear motion for high-pressure chamber closure

Autopore V – Models

AutoPore V – Accessories

Typical Applications

Pharmaceuticals:

Porosity and surface area play major roles in the purification, processing, blending, tableting, and packaging of pharmaceutical products as well as a drug’s useful shelf life, its dissolution rate, and bio-availability.

Ceramics:

Pore area and porosity affect the curing and bonding of greenware and influence strength, texture, appearance, and density of finished goods

Adsorbents:

Knowledge of pore area, total pore volume, and pore size distribution is important for quality control of industrial adsorbents and in the development of separation processes. Porosity and surface area characteristics determine the selectivity of an adsorbent

Catalyst:

The active surface area and pore structure of catalysts influence production rates. Limiting the pore size allows only molecules of desired sizes to enter and exit, creating a selective catalyst that will produce primarily the desired product.

Aerospace:

Surface area and porosity of heat shields and insulating materials affect weight and function

Fuel Cells:

Fuel cell electrodes require controlled porosity with high surface area to produce adequate power density

Geoscience:

Porosity is important in groundwater hydrology and petroleum exploration because it relates to the quantity of fluid that a structure can contain as well as how much effort will be required to extract it

Filtration:

Pore size, pore volume, pore shape, and pore tortuosity are of interest to filter manufacturers. Often, pore shape has a more direct effect upon filtration than pore size because it strongly correlates with filtration performance and fouling.

Construction Materials:

Diffusion, permeability, and capillary flow play important roles in the degradation processes in concrete, cement, and other construction materials.

Paper:

The porosity of print media coating is important in offset printing where it affects blistering, ink receptivity, and ink holdout

MicroActive Software for AutoPore V

Intelligent, Intuitive, Interactive:

MicroActive software greatly improves the functionality, convenience, diagnostics, and data interpretation that establish the new standard for high-performance results in mercury porosimetry.

Method Wizard:

Build a method through an interactive step-by-step script. Eases method creation and new user introduction to the operation of the AutoPore V.

Mercury Density Calculation:

Unlike competitive systems that use mercury density at ambient temperature only, the AutoPore V automatically measures the actual mercury temperature for accurate density calculations under operation conditions.

User-Defined Reports and Report Options:

You can quickly create custom advanced reports to meet your specific needs using Python scripting. New report options permit automatic report conversion to PDF or spreadsheet formats.

Post-Analysis Parameter Change:

Allows analysis parameters (stem volume, maximum head pressure, pen constant) to be changed or corrected post analysis, eliminating re-running samples due to error.

Enhanced Penetrometer Calibration:

Simplifies penetrometer calibration through automated calculations either volumetrically or gravimetrically.

Diagnostic Dashboard:

Real-time monitoring of critical system components for preventative maintenance and trouble shooting.

Overlay Multiple Runs and Gas Adsorption Data:

MicroActive for AutoPore V provides the ability to overlay up to 20 runs. Included is the option to import pore size distributions from gas adsorption isotherms to provide analysis data in the micro to macropore range in a single report.

Intelligent Data Reporting:

Warnings are supplied automatically when suspect data are collected.

Variety of Available Plots:

Pore volume, pore area, and pore size plots are available as well as the ability to calculate total intrusion volume, total pore (surface) area, median pore diameters, average pore diameters, bulk or envelope density, and apparent (skeletal) density.

Reverberi Method Data Reduction:

Receive information on the distribution of pore shape. The method yields a three-dimensional array of cavity size and throat size vs. volume.

Available Information, Reports and Plots:

• Summary Report
• Cumulative Volume versus Pore size or Pressure
• Incremental Volume versus Pore size or Pressure
• Differential Volume versus Pore size
• Cumulative Area versus Pore size
• Log Differential Volume versus Pore size
• Differential Reference % Volume versus Pore sizeOut of Specification % Volume versus Pressure
• Difference from Reference % Volume
• Differential and Log Differential intrusion
• Material Compressibility
• Density versus Pressure
• Cavity to Throat Size Ratio
• Fractal Dimension
• Reverberi Method for Pore Throat and Pore Cavity
• Pore Network Tortuosity and Material Permeability
• Bulk, Envelope and Skeletal Density
• Mayer-Stowe Particle Size Distribution

Advanced Hardware and Software Features

• The unique stainless steel analysis manifold is corrosive resistant and designed for highlyaccurate gas management
• Improved Dewar design provides more than 40 hours of continuous temperature control
• Intuitive MicroActive software gives the user the ability to interactively evaluate isotherm data and reduces the time required to obtain surface area and porosity results
• User-defined reporting options allow direct modeling
• Powerful Python scripting language allows users to develop extensions to the standard report library available within the TriStar II Plus software application
• An innovative dashboard monitors and provides convenient access to real-time instrument performance indicators and maintenance scheduling information
• Capable of utilizing two isotherms (CO2 and N2) for calculating pore size diameter via NLDFT for micropore analyses of carbons

Data Reduction Benefits

• Interaction with adsorption data is direct. By simply moving the calculation bars, the user is immediately updated with new textual properties. One-click access to important parameters allows the user to focus on the result rather than the parameters
• Interactive data manipulation minimizes the use of dialog boxes and tunneling of dialogs to specify calculation parameters. This allows the user to accurately and efficiently determine surface area and porosity of their materials
• Improved ability to overlay files (up to 25) including mercury intrusion data with a file add and subtract feature
• User selectable data ranges through the graphic interface allows direct modeling for BET, t-Plot, Langmuir, DFT interpretation, and much more
• Report Options editor allows the user to define up to five reports with on-screen previews. Each report has the ability to possess multiple summary, tabular, and graphical information panes

Enhanced Software Capabilities & Instrument Monitoring

External Sample Preparation Devices

Micromeritics’ sample preparation devices prepare batches of samples for surface area and pore volume analysis. They combine flowing gas and/or vacuum with heat to remove atmospheric contaminants, such as water vapor and adsorbed gas, from the surface and pores of the sample.

A Small Footprint Packed with Features

• Three analysis ports can operate simultaneously and independently of one another. Three BET surface area measurements can be performed in less than 20 minutes.
• The TriStar II accommodates the use of nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, and other non-corrosive gases such as butane, methane, or other light hydrocarbons.
• A dedicated Po port is standard, allowing the measurement of saturation pressure on a continuous basis. Saturation pressure can be entered manually, measured continuously, or collected over the sample.
• Incremental or fixed dosing routines prevent overshooting pressure points while minimizing analysis time.
• Free space can be measured, calculated, or manually entered providing maximum flexibility in accommodating special sample types and emphasizing speed when needed. Helium is not required.
• The TriStar II can collect up to 1000 data points. Fine details of the isotherm can be observed and recorded providing high resolution and revealing pore structure details.
• Optional sample preparation devices are available combining flowing gas and/or vacuum with heat to remove atmospheric contaminants, such as water vapor and adsorbed gas, from the surface and pores of the sample

Features

Operating Software

The TriStar II Windows interface provides a familiar environment for the user. It is easy to collect, organize, archive, reduce isotherm data, and store standardized sample information for later use. The reports may be generated to screen, paper, or spreadsheet file. Cut-and-paste graphics, scalableand editable graphs, and customized reports are easily generated.

In addition to controlling instrument operation, the Windows software also reduces the isotherm data collected during analysis. The reduced data can be reviewed or printed in a variety of easy-to- interpret tabular and graphical reports.

Tabular and Graphic Reports:

• Single and multipoint BET surface area
• Total pore volume
• Langmuir surface area and Isotherm reports
• t-plot
• Harkins and Jura Thickness Equation
• Halsey Thickness Equation
• Carbon STSA
• Broekhoff-de Boer
• Kruk-Jaroniec-Sayari
• BJH adsorption and desorption
• Standard
• Kruk-Jaroniec-Sayari correction
• Dollimore-Heal adsorption and desorption
• Mesopore
• Volume and area distributions by pore size
• MP-Method
• HK
• Saito-Foley
• Chang-Yang
• DFT pore size
• DFT surface energy
• Summary Report
• SPC reports
• Validation reports
• External Sample Preparation Devices

Micromeritics’ sample preparation devices prepare batches of samples for surface area and pore volume analysis. They combine flowing gas and/or vacuum with heat to remove atmospheric contaminants, such as water vapor and adsorbed gas, from the surface and pores of the sample.